Using the os module:

os.remove("data.txt")

To delete directories:

os.rmdir("folder")

Python uses Timsort, a hybrid of merge sort and insertion sort.

Advantages:

• Stable
• Adaptive
• Performs extremely well on partially sorted data

Feature List Tuple

Mutability Mutable Immutable

Syntax [1, 2, 3] (1, 2, 3)

Performance Slower Faster (no changes allowed)

Use Case Dynamic data Fixed data

Slicing extracts a portion of a sequence (string, list, tuple).

Syntax:

sequence[start:end:step]

Example:

nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

print(nums[1:4]) # [1, 2, 3]

print(nums[::-1]) # reverse list

Python uses the threading module.

Example:

t = threading.Thread(target=task)

t.start()

But due to the GIL (Global Interpreter Lock):

• Threads cannot run Python bytecode in parallel
• Best for I/O-bound tasks
• CPU-heavy tasks should use multiprocessing.

NumPy arrays are faster.

Reasons:

• Stored in contiguous memory
• Implemented in C
• Support vectorized operations
• Avoid Python-level loops

Example:

a = np.array([1,2,3])

print(a*2) # vectorized

Inheritance allows a class to derive attributes and methods from another.

obj = Child()

obj.greet()

Types:

• Single
• Multiple
• Multilevel
• Hierarchical
• Hybrid

Using the class keyword:

Objects are created like:

c = Car("Tesla")

n = int(input("Enter limit: "))

a, b = 0, 1

for _ in range(n):

Shallow Copy

Copies outer structure, not nested objects.

a = [[1,2], [3,4]]

b = copy.copy(a)

Changes inside nested lists affect both.

Deep Copy

Copies everything recursively.

c = copy.deepcopy(a)

Changes don’t reflect in the original.

Python does not use traditional compilation and linking.

Steps:

break

Exits loop immediately.

for i in range(10):

continue

Skips current iteration.

for i in range(5):

pass

Does nothing; placeholder.

PEP8 is Python’s official style guide.

It defines how Python code should look:

• Naming conventions
• Indentation rules
• Spacing
• Line length
• Imports

It ensures readable, consistent code.

An expression is any valid combination of:

• Variables
• Operators
• Values
• Function calls

Example:

x = (a + b) * c

It evaluates to a single value.

== checks value equality.

3 == 3 # True

[1,2] == [1,2] # True

(Not to be confused with is, which checks identity.)

Converting a value from one type to another:

• int()
• float()
• str()
• list()
• tuple()

Example:

x = int("5")

Popular ones include:

• os
• sys
• math
• random
• datetime
• json
• re
• logging
• subprocess
• statistics

Here comes a sharp, interview-ready set of answers, explained cleanly and with a light creative shimmer, without losing precision.

xrange() existed only in Python 2, while range() in Python 3 behaves like Python 2’s xrange().

Python 2

• range() returns a list.
• xrange() returns an efficient sequence object (lazy evaluation).

Python 3

• Only range() exists, and it is lazy, memory-efficient, and equivalent to Python 2’s xrange().

Example (Python 3):

r = range(1, 5)

list(r) # [1, 2, 3, 4]

zip() pairs elements of multiple iterables together.

Example:

names = ["Aarav", "Pahal"]

ages = [13, 5]

result = list(zip(names, ages))

print(result) # [('Aarav', 13), ('Pahal', 5)]

If iterables differ in size, zip() stops at the shortest.

Django follows the MTV architecture, a variant of MVC.

M – Model

Handles database schema, ORM, and business logic.

T – Template

Handles UI rendering (HTML, text, JSON).

V – View

Contains the request–response logic.

The flow is:

User request → URL dispatcher → View → Model → Template → Response

Inheritance allows a class to acquire properties of another class.

Example:

Types of Inheritance

Combination of the above.

They let functions accept a flexible number of parameters.

*args

Collects extra positional arguments as a tuple.

**kwargs

Collects extra keyword arguments as a dictionary.

Yes. Examples include:

print(10 / 0) # ZeroDivisionError

int("abc") # ValueError

a = [1, 2]; a[5] # IndexError

{}["key"] # KeyError

Python detects them at runtime.

A docstring is a string literal placed as the first statement inside a module, class, or function to document it.

Example:

Retrieve using:

print(add.__doc__)